History of Argentina

Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata, 1776–1810 Draft, not yet reviewed

The Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata was the last to be organised and also the shortest-lived viceroyalty of the Spanish Empire in the Americas. It was established in 1776 from several former Viceroyalty of Peru dependencies that mainly extended over the Río de la Plata Basin, roughly the present-day territories of Argentina, northern Chile, Bolivia, Paraguay and Uruguay, extending inland from the Atlantic Coast. Buenos Aires was chosen as the capital. These events proved decisive at the 1810 May Revolution events deposing Viceroy Cisneros at Buenos Aires.

Seat of power: Buenos Aires

Rulers

• Pedro de Cevallos, Viceroy of the Rio de la Plata, 1776–1778
• Juan José de Vértiz y Salcedo, Viceroy of the Rio de la Plata, 1778–1784
• Nicolás Antonio de Arredondo, Viceroy of the Rio de la Plata, 1789–1795
• Antonio de Olaguer y Feliú, Viceroy of the Rio de la Plata, 1797–1799
• Gabriel de Avilés, 2nd Marquis of Avilés, Viceroy of the Rio de la Plata, 1799–1801
• Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros, Viceroy of the Rio de la Plata, 1809–1810

United Provinces of the Río de la Plata, 1810–1831 Draft, not yet reviewed

The United Provinces of the Río de la Plata is the name used for the emerging state that succeeded the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata after the May Revolution, from 1810 to 1831. The result of the May Revolution was the removal of Viceroy Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros and the establishment of a local government, the Primera Junta, on 25 May. The Argentine Declaration of Independence was issued at the Congress of Tucumán on 9 July 1816. The state is now the Argentine Republic.

Seat of power: Buenos Aires

Rulers

• Gervasio Antonio de Posadas, Supreme Director of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata, 1814–1815
• Ignacio Álvarez Thomas, Supreme Director of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata, 1815–1816
• Carlos María de Alvear, Supreme Director of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata, 1815–1815
• Juan Martín de Pueyrredon, Supreme Director of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata, 1816–1819
• Antonio González de Balcarce, Supreme Director of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata, 1816–1816
• José Rondeau, Supreme Director of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata, 1819–1820
• Juan Pedro Aguirre, Supreme Director of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata, 1820–1820

Argentine Confederation, 1831–1861 Draft, not yet reviewed

The Argentine Confederation was the last predecessor state of modern Argentina. It was the name of the country from 1831 to 1852, when the provinces were organized as a confederation without a head of state. The governor of Buenos Aires Province (Juan Manuel de Rosas during most of the period) managed foreign relations during this time. Rosas was ousted from power in 1852 by Justo José de Urquiza, after the battle of Caseros.

Seat of power: Paraná

Argentina, 1861 to today Draft, not yet reviewed

Argentina, officially the Argentine Republic, is a country in the far south of South America. The Argentine Declaration of Independence on July 9 of 1816 and the Argentine War of Independence (1810–1825) were followed by an extended civil war that lasted until 1880, culminating in the country's reorganisation as a federation. Following the death of President Juan Perón in 1974, his widow and vice president, Isabel Perón, ascended to the presidency, before being overthrown in the final coup in 1976. The following military junta persecuted and murdered thousands of political critics, activists, and leftists in the Dirty War, a period of state terrorism and civil unrest that lasted until the election of Raúl Alfonsín as president in 1983.

Seat of power: Buenos Aires

Rulers

• Bartolomé Mitre, President of Argentina, 1862–1868
• Domingo Faustino Sarmiento, President of Argentina, 1868–1874
• Nicolás Avellaneda, President of Argentina, 1874–1880
• Julio Argentino Roca, President of Argentina, 1880–1886
• Miguel Ángel Juárez Celman, President of Argentina, 1886–1890
• Julio Argentino Roca, President of Argentina, 1898–1904
• Hipólito Yrigoyen, President of Argentina, 1916–1922
• Marcelo Torcuato de Alvear, President of Argentina, 1922–1928
• Agustín Pedro Justo, President of Argentina, 1932–1938
• Juan Perón, President of Argentina, 1946–1955
• Jorge Rafael Videla, President of Argentina, 1976–1981
• Raúl Alfonsín, President of Argentina, 1983–1989
• Carlos Menem, President of Argentina, 1989–1999
• Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, President of Argentina, 2007–2015
• Javier Milei, President of Argentina, 2023 to today