History of Kyrgyzstan

Karakhanid Khanate, 840 CE–1212 Draft, not yet reviewed

The Kara-Khanid Khanate was a Karluk Turkic khanate that ruled Central Asia from the 9th to the early 13th century. The Khanate conquered Transoxiana in Central Asia and ruled it independently between 999 and 1089. The Khanate split into the Eastern and Western Khanates in the 1040s. The Eastern Khanate ended in 1211, and the Western Khanate was extinguished by the Khwarazmian Empire in 1212.

Seat of power: Balasagun

Rulers

• Bilge Kul Qadir Khan, khan, 840 CE–893 CE
• Sultan Satuq Bughra Khan, khan, 920 CE–955 CE

Khanate of Kokand, 1709–1876 Draft, not yet reviewed

The Khanate of Kokand was an early modern state in the Fergana Valley of Central Asia. Its territory is today divided between Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Kazakhstan. In 1709 the leader of the Ming tribe, Shahrukh Biy, established the Koktonliq Ata fortress near Kokand, becoming its ruler and thus starting the Khanate of Kokand. The forces of the Russian Empire abolished the khanate in 1876.

Seat of power: Qoʻqon

Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic, 1936–1991 Draft, not yet reviewed

The Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic (Kirghiz SSR) was one of the constituent republics of the Soviet Union (USSR) from 1936 to 1991. Established on 14 October 1924 as the Kara-Kirghiz Autonomous Oblast of the RSFSR, it was transformed into the Kirghiz ASSR (Kirghiz Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic) on 1 February 1926, still being a part of the RSFSR. On 5 December 1936, with the adoption of the 1936 Soviet Constitution, it became a separate constituent republic of the USSR as the Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic during the final stages of the national delimitation in the Soviet Union. On 30 October 1990, the Kirghiz SSR was renamed to the Socialist Republic of Kyrgyzstan; on 15 December, after declaring its state sovereignty, it was renamed again to the Republic of Kyrgyzstan.

Seat of power: Bishkek

Kyrgyzstan, 1991 to today Draft, not yet reviewed

Following Mikhail Gorbachev's democratic reforms in the USSR, in 1990 pro-independence candidate Askar Akayev was elected president. On 31 August 1991, Kyrgyzstan declared independence from the USSR. After independence, Kyrgyzstan was officially a unitary presidential republic. Following the Tulip Revolution it became a unitary parliamentary republic; however, it gradually developed an executive president and was governed as a semi-presidential republic before reverting to a presidential system in 2021.

Seat of power: Bishkek

Rulers

• Askar Akayev, President of Kyrgyzstan, 1990–2005
• Kurmanbek Bakiyev, President of Kyrgyzstan, 2005–2010
• Ishenbai Kadyrbekov, President of Kyrgyzstan, 2005–2005
• Roza Otunbayeva, President of Kyrgyzstan, 2010–2011
• Almazbek Atambaev, President of Kyrgyzstan, 2011–2017
• Sooronbay Jeenbekov, President of Kyrgyzstan, 2017–2020
• Sadyr Japarov, President of Kyrgyzstan, 2020 to today
• Talant Mamytov, President of Kyrgyzstan, 2020–2021