Johor Sultanate
Malaysia, 1528–1946. Draft, not yet reviewed
The Johor Sultanate was founded by Sultan of Malacca Mahmud Shah's son, Alauddin Riayat Shah II in 1528. Prior to being a sultanate of its own right, Johor had been part of the Malaccan Sultanate before the Portuguese captured its capital in 1511. During the colonial era, the mainland part was administered by the British, and the insular part by the Dutch, thus breaking up the sultanate into Johor and Riau.
Seat of power: Johor Bahru
Rulers
Alauddin Riayat Shah II of Johor
Sultan of Johor, 1528–1564
He was the first Sultan of Johor and ruled from 1528 to 1564. He founded the Johor Sultanate following the fall of Malacca to the Portuguese in 1511. Throughout his reign, he faced constant threats from the Portuguese as well as the emerging Aceh Sultanate.
Ali Jalla Abdul Jalil Shah II
Sultan of Johor, 1571–1597
Ali Jalla Abdul Jalil Shah II was the Sultan of Johor from 1571 to 1597. Initially, he repulsed a Portuguese attack on Johor in 1586. However, in 1587, the city was besieged, sacked, and razed by the Portuguese.
Alauddin Riayat Shah III
Sultan of Johor, 1597–1615
Sultan Alauddin Riayat Shah III was the Sultan of Johor and reigned from 1597 to 1615. In 1606 Alauddin allied with the Dutch to fight the Portuguese in an attempt to oust them from Malacca in a joint military campaign.
Abdullah Ma'ayat Shah
Sultan of Johor, 1615–1623
Sultan Abdullah Ma'ayat Shah was Sultan of Johor from 1615 to 1623. Before he became sultan of Johor, Abdullah Ma'ayat Shah was also known as Raja Bongsu, Raja Seberang or Raja di Hilir.
Abdul Jalil Shah III
Sultan of Johor, 1623–1677
He was the Sultan of Pahang and Johor, who reigned from 1615 to 1617 and 1623 to 1677 respectively.
Ibrahim Shah of Johor
Sultan of Johor, 1677–1685
He was the Sultan of Johor from the Malacca-Johor Dynasty who reigned from 1677 to 1685. In 1678, Laksamana Tun Abdul Jamil persuaded Ibrahim Shah to move the capital of the empire to Riau in order to effectively suppress Jambi's forces.
Mahmud II of Johor
Sultan of Johor, 1685–1699
As he was young upon assuming the throne, regents oversaw the affairs of state in Johor until the death of the Bendahara, one of the two regents, in 1697. He was murdered by members of his advisory council in 1699.
Abdul Jalil Shah IV
Sultan of Johor, 1699–1718
He was the eldest son of Bendahara Tun Habib Abdul Majid. Following the death of Mahmud Shah II without an heir in 1699, Abdul Jalil was proclaimed as the next sultan.
Sulaiman Badrul Alam Shah
Sultan of Johor, 1722–1760
He was the 14th Sultan and Yang di-Pertuan Besar of Johor and Pahang and their dependencies who reigned from 1722 to 1760. He succeeded on the defeat of the claimant to Johor throne, Raja Kecil who reigned in Johor from 1718 to 1722.
Ahmad Riayat Shah
Sultan of Johor, 1761–1770
He became sultan on the death of his father on January 29, 1761 and was crowned in February 1761 at the age of nine. Because of his young age at the time of his ascension, Ahmad Riayat Shah reigned under a Council of Regency.
Mahmud Shah III
Sultan of Johor, 1770–1811
He was the 17th Sultan of Johor, who reigned from 1770 to 1811. He exercised little power over the sultanate where actual power was held under the Bugis court faction.
Hussein Shah of Johor
Sultan of Johor, 1819–1835
He signed two treaties with Britain which culminated in the founding of modern Singapore. However, Sultan Hussein was generally regarded by native nobles as a puppet ruler of the British, at least during the first few years of his reign.
Portrait of Hussein Shah of Johor: Unknown authorUnknown author, Public domain, file
Sultan Ali of Johor
Sultan of Johor, 1835–1855
He succeeded his father, Sultan Hussein Shah after the latter died of natural causes in 1835. Like his father, Sultan Ali was a puppet monarch and played a minimal role in the administrative affairs of the state, which came under the charge of the Temenggong and the British.
Abu Bakar of Johor
Sultan of Johor, 1886–1895
He was the 1st sultan of modern Johor from the House of Temenggong. He was also informally known as The Father of Modern Johor, as many historians accredited Johor's development in the 19th century to Abu Bakar's leadership.
Portrait of Abu Bakar of Johor: The original uploader was Mr Tan at English Wikipedia., Public domain, file
Ibrahim of Johor
Sultan of Johor, 1895–1959
He was a Malaysian sultan and the 2nd modern sultan of Johor. He was an Anglophile who maintained close ties with the British crown and frequently leveraged his personal relationships with reigning monarchs to advocate for Johor's autonomy.
Portrait of Ibrahim of Johor: Unknown author, Public domain, file
Culture
- Temenggong Daeng Ibrahim then renamed Tanjung Puteri to Iskandar Puteri upon his arrival to the area in 1858, after acquiring the territory from Sultan Ali.
- In 1529, Alauddin Riayat founded his first capital in Hujung Tanah, known as Pekan Tua, 11 km upriver from Kota Tinggi.
- Johor Bahru thus became the post-war cradle of Malay nationalism, forming a major political party, UMNO at the Istana Besar in 1946.
Picture
Johor Bahru is the capital city of the Malaysian state of Johor, at the southern end of the Malay Peninsula.
Image: R&F Malaysia, CC BY-SA 4.0, file
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Sources
Text adapted from the Wikipedia articles listed as sources, CC BY-SA 4.0.