First Portuguese Republic
Portugal, 1910–1926. Draft, not yet reviewed
The First Portuguese Republic spans a complex 16-year period in the history of Portugal, between the end of the period of constitutional monarchy marked by the 5 October 1910 revolution and the 28 May 1926 coup d'état. The sixteen years of the First Republic saw eight presidents and 45 ministries, and were altogether more of a transition between the Kingdom of Portugal and the Estado Novo than they were a coherent period of governance. After the republican uprising of 5 October 1910 that overthrew King Manuel II, a republican constitution was approved in 1911, inaugurating a parliamentary regime with little power in the hands of the president and a bicameral system. The 28 May 1926 coup d'état instituted a military dictatorship known as Ditadura Nacional.
Seat of power: Lisbon
Rulers
Manuel de Arriaga
President of Portugal, 1911–1915
He was a Portuguese lawyer who served as the first president of Portugal from 1911 to 1915. The moderates elected him as the first elected President on 24 August 1911, defeating Afonso Costa's candidate, Bernardino Machado.
Portrait of Manuel de Arriaga: Fotografia Vasques, Public domain, file
Bernardino Machado
President of Portugal, 1915–1917
He was the president of Portugal, serving from 1915 to 1917 and again from 1925 to 1926. In 1917, Sidónio Pais, who was at the head of a military junta, dissolved Congress and removed Machado, forcing him to leave the country.
Portrait of Bernardino Machado: Octávio Bobone, Public domain, file
Teófilo Braga
President of Portugal, 1915–1915
He became the leader of the Republican Provisional Government after the overthrow of King Manuel II, having become president after the resignation of President Manuel de Arriaga. He was the president of Portugal, serving in 1915.
Portrait of Teófilo Braga: Fotografia Vasques, Public domain, file
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João do Canto e Castro
President of Portugal, 1918–1919
He occupied the post of Navy Minister, to which he had been appointed by Sidónio Pais, the "President-King" on 9 September 1918, and succeeded Pais after his murder on 14 December 1918. During his rule there were two attempts to carry out a revolution.
Portrait of João do Canto e Castro: Photographia Vasques, Public domain, file
Sidónio Pais
President of Portugal, 1918–1918
Sidónio Pais tried to rescue traditional values, especially the Pátria and tried to govern in a charismatic way. He is the only Portuguese president to have been assassinated, and the 3rd Portuguese head of state to die a violent death.
Portrait of Sidónio Pais: Octávio Bobone, Public domain, file
António José de Almeida
President of Portugal, 1919–1923
He was the only president of the First Portuguese Republic to serve the entire term. António José de Almeida founded his own party, the Evolutionist Party, that was in the opposition.
Portrait of António José de Almeida: Fotografia Brasil, Public domain, file
Manuel Teixeira Gomes
President of Portugal, 1923–1925
He was a Portuguese politician who served as the President of Portugal from 1923 to 1925.
Portrait of Manuel Teixeira Gomes: Unknown authorUnknown author, Public domain, file
Bernardino Machado
President of Portugal, 1925–1926
Later, in 1925, he returned to the presidency of the Republic and, a year later, he was again overthrown by the military revolution of 28 May 1926, which instituted the military dictatorship and paved the way for the establishment of the Estado Novo.
Portrait of Bernardino Machado: Octávio Bobone, Public domain, file
Culture
- The republic caused important fractures in Portuguese society, especially between the monarchical rural population, the unions and the Catholic Church.
- Portugal's participation in the First World War was decreed in 1917, and it had to send a contingent of almost 12,000 soldiers to France.
- As Minister for the Interior, António José de Almeida founded both the University of Lisbon and the University of Porto in 1911.
Picture
The Pena Palace in Sintra, a Romanticist palace, is also used for state occasions by the President of the Portuguese Republic and other government officials.
Image: CEphoto, Uwe Aranas, CC BY-SA 3.0, file
Sources
- First Portuguese Republic (Wikipedia)
- First Portuguese Republic (Wikidata)
- About the picture (Wikipedia)
Text adapted from the Wikipedia articles listed as sources, CC BY-SA 4.0.