History of Portugal
A country in Southwestern Europe that developed a culture with a worldwide influence. 5 eras, 868 CE to today.
County of Portugal, 868 CE–1143 Draft, not yet reviewed
The County of Portugal refers to two successive medieval counties in the region around Guimarães and Porto, today corresponding to litoral northern Portugal, within which the identity of the Portuguese people formed. The history of the county is traditionally dated from the reconquest of Portus Cale (Porto) by Vímara Peres in 868. A larger entity under the same name was then reestablished in the late 11th century and subsequently elevated by its count in the mid-12th century into an independent Kingdom of Portugal.
Seat of power: Guimarães
Rulers
- Vímara Peres, Count of Portugal, 868 CE–873 CE
- Lucídio Vimaranes, Count of Portugal, 873 CE–922 CE
- Hermenegildo Gutiérrez, Count of Portugal, 895 CE–920 CE
- Hermenegildo González, Count of Portugal, 922 CE–943 CE
- Muniadona Díaz, Count of Portugal, 943 CE–950 CE
- Gonzalo Menéndez, Count of Portugal, 950 CE–997 CE
- Mendo Gonçalves, Count of Portugal, 997 CE–1008
- Alvito Nunes, Count of Portugal, 1008–1015
- Ilduara Mendes, Count of Portugal, 1015–1043
- Nuno Alvites, Count of Portugal, 1015–1028
- Mendo Nunes, Count of Portugal, 1043–1054
- Nuno Mendes, Count of Portugal, 1054–1071
- Theresa of León, Count of Portugal, 1096–1128
- Henry of Burgundy, Count of Portugal, 1096–1112
- Afonso I of Portugal, Count of Portugal, 1112–1139
Kingdom of Portugal, 1139–1910 Draft, not yet reviewed
The Kingdom of Portugal was a monarchy in the western Iberian Peninsula and the predecessor of the modern Portuguese Republic. Independence from León began on 26 July 1139 when Afonso Henriques was acclaimed King of the Portuguese by his troops after the possibly legendary Battle of Ourique. During the 15th and 16th century, Portuguese exploration established a vast colonial empire. The collapse of the monarchy came in the 5 October 1910 revolution, with the establishment of the First Portuguese Republic.
Seat of power: Lisbon
Rulers
- Afonso I of Portugal, Monarch of Portugal, 1139–1185
- Sancho I of Portugal, Monarch of Portugal, 1185–1211
- Sancho II of Portugal, Monarch of Portugal, 1223–1247
- Afonso III of Portugal, Monarch of Portugal, 1248–1279
- Denis I of Portugal, Monarch of Portugal, 1279–1325
- Afonso IV of Portugal, Monarch of Portugal, 1325–1357
- John I of Portugal, Monarch of Portugal, 1385–1433
- Afonso V of Portugal, Monarch of Portugal, 1438–1481
- Manuel I of Portugal, Monarch of Portugal, 1495–1521
- John III of Portugal, Monarch of Portugal, 1521–1557
- Afonso VI of Portugal, Monarch of Portugal, 1656–1683
- John V of Portugal, Monarch of Portugal, 1706–1750
- José I of Portugal, Monarch of Portugal, 1750–1777
- Maria I of Portugal, Monarch of Portugal, 1777–1816
- Luís I of Portugal, Monarch of Portugal, 1861–1889
First Portuguese Republic, 1910–1926 Draft, not yet reviewed
The First Portuguese Republic spans a complex 16-year period in the history of Portugal, between the end of the period of constitutional monarchy marked by the 5 October 1910 revolution and the 28 May 1926 coup d'état. The sixteen years of the First Republic saw eight presidents and 45 ministries, and were altogether more of a transition between the Kingdom of Portugal and the Estado Novo than they were a coherent period of governance. After the republican uprising of 5 October 1910 that overthrew King Manuel II, a republican constitution was approved in 1911, inaugurating a parliamentary regime with little power in the hands of the president and a bicameral system. The 28 May 1926 coup d'état instituted a military dictatorship known as Ditadura Nacional.
Seat of power: Lisbon
Rulers
- Manuel de Arriaga, President of Portugal, 1911–1915
- Bernardino Machado, President of Portugal, 1915–1917
- Teófilo Braga, President of Portugal, 1915–1915
- João do Canto e Castro, President of Portugal, 1918–1919
- Sidónio Pais, President of Portugal, 1918–1918
- António José de Almeida, President of Portugal, 1919–1923
- Manuel Teixeira Gomes, President of Portugal, 1923–1925
- Bernardino Machado, President of Portugal, 1925–1926
Estado Novo, 1933–1974 Draft, not yet reviewed
The Estado Novo was the corporatist Portuguese state installed in 1933. It evolved from the Ditadura Nacional ("National Dictatorship") formed after the coup d'état of 28 May 1926 against the unstable First Republic. Opposed to communism, socialism, syndicalism, anarchism, liberalism and anti-colonialism, the regime was conservative, corporatist, and nationalist in nature. On 25 April 1974, the Carnation Revolution in Lisbon, a military coup organised by left-wing Portuguese military officers of the Armed Forces Movement, led to the end of the Estado Novo.
Seat of power: Lisbon
Rulers
- Óscar Carmona, President of Portugal, 1926–1951
- Francisco Craveiro Lopes, President of Portugal, 1951–1958
- Américo Tomás, President of Portugal, 1958–1974
Portugal, 1974 to today Draft, not yet reviewed
Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic, is a country in Southwestern Europe. The kingdom became a republic in 1910, before becoming a dictatorship in 1926, whose 1974 overthrow enabled democracy to be established in 1976. Portugal is a unitary republic and multi-party representative democracy with four separate sovereignty organs: president, government, parliament, and judiciary.
Seat of power: Lisbon
Rulers
- Francisco da Costa Gomes, President of Portugal, 1974–1976
- António Ramalho Eanes, President of Portugal, 1976–1986
- Mário Soares, President of Portugal, 1986–1996
- Jorge Sampaio, President of Portugal, 1996–2006
- Aníbal Cavaco Silva, President of Portugal, 2006–2016
- Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa, President of Portugal, 2016–2026
- António José Seguro, President of Portugal, 2026 to today
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