Loading

History of Mongolia

The country where Genghis Khan founded the Mongol Empire in 1206.. 5 eras, 1206 to today.

Mongol Empire, 1206–1368 Draft, not yet reviewed

The Mongol Empire was the largest contiguous empire in history. The empire emerged from the unification of several nomadic tribes in the Mongol heartland under the leadership of Temüjin, known by the title of Genghis Khan, whom a council proclaimed as the ruler of all Mongols in 1206. The vast transcontinental empire connected the East with the West, and the Pacific to the Mediterranean, in an enforced Pax Mongolica, allowing the exchange of trade, technologies, commodities, and ideologies across Eurasia. By Kublai's death in 1294, the empire had fractured into four separate khanates or empires, each pursuing its own objectives: the Golden Horde khanate in the northwest, the Chagatai Khanate in Central Asia, the Ilkhanate in Iran, and the Yuan dynasty in China, based in modern-day Beijing.

Seat of power: Xanadu

Rulers

Northern Yuan dynasty, 1368–1691 Draft, not yet reviewed

The Northern Yuan was a dynastic state ruled by the Mongol Borjigin clan based in the Mongolian Plateau. It existed as a rump state after the collapse of the Yuan dynasty in 1368 and lasted until its conquest by the Jurchen-led Later Jin dynasty in 1635, which was later renamed as the Qing dynasty. Dayan Khan and Mandukhai Khatun reunited most Mongol tribes in the late 15th century. This period featured factional struggles and the often only nominal role of the Great Khan.

Seat of power: Xanadu

Rulers

Bogd Khanate of Mongolia, 1911–1924 Draft, not yet reviewed

During the collapse of the Qing dynasty in 1911, Mongol princes and lamas in Khüree formed a provisional government and moved toward independence. Under the Kyakhta Agreement of 1915, Mongolia accepted autonomous status under Chinese suzerainty while retaining its own government. Mongolian autonomy was abolished by Chinese authorities in 1919. In 1921, Bogd Khaan's monarchy was restored during the Mongolian Revolution of 1921, and it continued alongside the new revolutionary government until his death in 1924.

Seat of power: Ulaanbaatar

Mongolian People's Republic, 1924–1992 Draft, not yet reviewed

The Mongolian People's Republic (MPR) was the Mongolian communist state that existed from 1924 to 1992 that self-designated first as a people's democratic state and later as a socialist state. The state was established in 1924 following the Mongolian Revolution of 1921, which was supported by the Soviet Red Army. Under the rule of Khorloogiin Choibalsan, the government aligned closely with Soviet policies, undertaking Stalinist repressions from 1937 to 1939 that resulted in the deaths of over 20,000 people. Inspired by the reforms of Mikhail Gorbachev in the Soviet Union, the 1990 Mongolian Revolution led to the resignation of the MPRP leadership, the legalization of opposition parties, and the establishment of a multi-party system.

Seat of power: Ulaanbaatar

Mongolia, 1992 to today Draft, not yet reviewed

Mongolia is a landlocked country in East Asia. With a population of 3.5 million, Mongolia is the world's most sparsely populated sovereign state, excluding Western Sahara. After the anti-communist revolutions of 1989, Mongolia conducted its own peaceful democratic revolution in 1990, which led to a multi-party system, a new constitution of 1992, and transition to a market economy.

Seat of power: Ulaanbaatar

Rulers

Text adapted from the Wikipedia articles listed as sources, CC BY-SA 4.0.